Liddell Hart attributed the failure of counterinsurgencies to various causes. Strikingly, Santa Cruz recognized that insurgencies are usually due to real grievances: "A state rarely rises up without the fault of its governors." Consequently, he advocated clemency towards the population and good governance, to seek the people's "heart and love". In his Reflexiones Militares, published between 17, he discussed how to spot early signs of an incipient insurgency, prevent insurgencies, and counter them, if they could not be warded off.
The third Marques of Santa Cruz de Marcenado (1684–1732) is probably the earliest author who dealt systematically in his writings with counterinsurgency. Counterinsurgency theorists Santa Cruz de Marcenado He defines this distinction as "Maoist" and "post-Maoist" insurgency. In The Insurgent Archipelago, John Mackinlay puts forward the concept of an evolution of the insurgency from the Maoist paradigm of the golden age of insurgency to the global insurgency of the start of the 21st century. When the gaps are wide, they create a sea of discontent, creating the environment in which the insurgent can operate. Insurgents capitalize on societal problems, often called gaps counter-insurgency addresses the closing of those gaps. To understand counterinsurgency, one must understand insurgency to comprehend the dynamics of revolutionary warfare. Counter-insurgency operations include many different facets: military, paramilitary, political, economic, psychological, and civic actions taken to defeat insurgency. –Aphorism based on the writing of Mao Zedong Ĭounterinsurgency is normally conducted as a combination of conventional military operations and other means, such as demoralization in the form of propaganda, psy-ops, and assassinations. The guerrilla must swim in the people as the fish swims in the sea. Alternately, it may be waged in an attempt to intimidate or eliminate civilian populations suspected of loyalty to the insurgency through indiscriminate violence. Counterinsurgency may involve attempting to win the hearts and minds of populations supporting the insurgency. ĭuring insurgency and counterinsurgency, the distinction between civilians and combatants is often blurred. Within the military sciences, counterinsurgency is one of the main operational approaches of irregular warfare. However, modern thinking on counterinsurgency was developed during decolonization.
Insurgency and counterinsurgency campaigns have been waged since ancient history. The Oxford English Dictionary defines counterinsurgency as any "military or political action taken against the activities of guerrillas or revolutionaries" and can be considered war by a state against a non-state adversary. Counterinsurgency ( COIN) is "the totality of actions aimed at defeating irregular forces".
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